时间:2016-03-28 07:27:43
2016年职称英语考试真题及答案(理工类B级)
Can you hear This ?
When something creates a sound wave in a room or an auditorium (礼堂)，listenershear the sound wave directly from the source. They also hear the reflections asthe sound bounces off the walls , floor ,and ceiling . These are called thereflected wave or reverberant (反射的) sound , which can be heard even after thesound is no longer coming from the source .
The reverberation time of an auditorium is determined by the volume orinterior size of the auditorium .It is also determined by how well or how poorlythe walls , ceiling, floor , and contents of the room (including the people )absorb sound. There is no ideal reverberation time .The full-sound performanceof music such as Wagner operas or Mahler symphonies should have a longreverberation time . The light ,rapid musical passages of Bach or Mozart need areverberation time somewhere between .
Acoustic problems often are caused by poor auditorium design .Smooth , curved(弯曲的)reflecting surfaces create large reflections . Parallel (平行的)walls reflectsound back and forth, creating a rapid ,repetitive pulsing(有节奏的跳动)effect. Largepillars (柱)and corners can cause acoustic shadows as the sound waves try to passaround the object . Some of these problems can be solved by using absorbers andrelectors to change the reverberation time of a room .For example , hanginglarge reflectors , called clouds , over the performers will allow some soundfrequencies to reflect and others to pass yo achieve a pleasing mixture ofsound.
1.This Passage is mainly about
A sound waves and their acoustic effect .
B the types of music orchestras play
C walls of an auditorium
D the design of an auditorium
2.Wagner operas and Mahler symphonies sound fuller in an auditorium with
~ 2 / 3 ~
A a short reverberation time
B a long reverberation time
C an intermediate reverberation time
D no reverberation time
3.This passage suggests that a good auditorium should
A achieve a pleasing mixture of sound
B get rid of all reflections
C not have absorbers.
D have smooth surfaces
4.Large pillars and corners may
A make sound rich and full
B be cures for sound problems
C be sources of sound problems
D function as well as clouds
5.The word “acoustic “in the last paragraph has something to do with
A performance B Music
C sound D noise
Smart Window
Windows not only let light in to cut down an electricity use for lighting，butthe light coming through the window also provides heat.However，windows are notsomething people typically associate with being a cutting edge1technology.Researchers are now working on new technologies that enable a windowto quickly change from clear to dark and anywhere in between with a flip of aswitch2.
“It took us a long time to figure out what a window really is,” says ClaesGranqvist.He’s a professor of solid-state physics at Uppsala University inSweden3.“It’s contact with the outside world.You have to have visual contactwith the surrounding world to feel well.” So，windows and natural light areimportant for improving the way people feel when they’re stuck indoors.
Yet，windows are the weak link in a building when it comes to energy andtemperature control.In the winter，cold air leaks in.When it’s hot andsunny，sunlight streams in.All of this sunlight carries lots of heat andenergy.And all of this extra heat forces people to turn ontheir airconditioners.Producing blasts of cold air，which can feel so refreshing，actuallysuck up enormous amounts of electricity in buildings around the world.
Windows have been a major focus of energy research for a long time. Over theyears，scientists have come up with a variety of strategies forcoating，glazing，and layering windows to make them more energy efficient.Smartwindows go a step further.They use chromogenic technologies which involvechanges of color.
Electrochromic windows use electricity to change color.For example，a sheet ofglass coated with thin layers of chemical compound such as tungsten oxide worksa bit like a battery.Tungsten oxide is clear when an electric charge is appliedand dark when the charge is removed，that is，when the amount of voltage isdecreased，the window darkens until it’s completely dark after all electricity istaken away.So applying a voltage determines whether the window looks clear ordark.
One important feature that makes a smart window so smart is that it has asort of “memory.” All it takes is a small jolt of voltage to turn the windowfrom one state to the other.Then，it stays that way.Transitions take anywherefrom 10 seconds to a few minutes，depending on the size of the window.Thedevelopment of smart windows could mean that massive air conditioning systemsmay no longer need.“In the future,” Granqvist says,“our buildings may lookdifferent.”
练习：
1. Which of the following statements does not indicate the importance ofwindows as described in the first two paragraphs?
A Windows can change from clear to dark to save energy.
B Windows help to save energy by letting light in.
C Windows help to save energy by providing heat.
D Windows enable people to have contact with the outside world.
2. When are windows the weak link in a building?
A In the cold winter.
B In the hot summer.
C When air conditioners are turned on.
D Both A and B.
3. What are smart windows，according to Paragraph 4?
A Windows that are coated.
B Windows that are glazed.
C Windows the color of which can be changed.
D Windows that have many layers.
4. To make electrochromic windows change color，what is applied to the windowglass?
A Electricity.
B Tungsten oxide.
C A battery.
D A voltage.
5. What will he the benefit if the research on smart windows turns out to besuccessful，according to the last paragraph?
A The buildings will look different.
B Windows can be as large as you want.
C We may not need air conditioners any more.
D They are less expen