特别说明：原文来自教材阅读理解第三篇

第三篇：Citizen Scientists

Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events — flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring — all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.

Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest — birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. — and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.

A　group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology4Network. “Phenology” is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.

One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project Bud Burst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project — which is open to everyone — record their observations on the Project Bud Burst website.

“People don't have to be plant experts — they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,” says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”

词汇：

frog / fr?g/ n.蛙

ecologist / ,i:’k?l?d??st/ n.生态学家

bud / b?d / v.发芽，萌芽;n.芽，花蕾

database / ’de?t?be?s / n.数据库

professional / pr?(?)’fe??n?l/ adj.专业的，职业的;n.职业选手，专业人员

phenology / f?’n?l?d?? / n.物候学

neighbor(u)rhood n.近邻;邻近地区

注释：

1.life cycle：生命周期，即生物发展过程的系列变化。

2.hyper-local beat：beat在此做名词用，意思是：某类新闻报道，如a business beat：商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。hyper-local beat即hyper-local news，指的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美国由此而诞生了hyper- local news websites，专门对主流媒体没有覆盖的地区所发生的事件进行报道，其形式多以网民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上传所在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一种新生事物。

3.data是复数形式，但常用作单数，所以这里的代词是it。另参见最后一段：“As we collect this data…”这里的data也用作单数。

4.phenology：物候学或生物气候学，是气候学和生态学的边缘学科，主要研究气候环境对生物的影响。

5.communities ：生态学词汇：生物群落，即在比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或环境中生活和相互影响的一群植物和动物。

练习：

1.Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them

A　to provide their personal life cycles.

B　to observe the life cycle of plants.

C　to collect data of the life cycle of living things.

D　to teach children knowledge about climate change.

2.What are citizen scientists asked to do?

A　To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.

B　To send their research observations to a professional database.

C　To increase their knowledge about climate change.

D　To keep a record of their research observations.

3.In “All that's needed to become one ... (paragraph2)”, what does the word "one" stands for?

A　A citizen journalist.

B　A citizen scientist.

C　A scientist.

D　A citizen.

4.What is NOT true of Project Bud Burst?

A　Only experts can participate in it.

B　Everybody can participate in it.

C　It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.

D　It has its own website.

5.What is the final purpose of Project Bud Burst?

A　To study when plants will have their first buds.

B　To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.

C　To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.

D　To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes

2014年职称英语教材理工类阅读理解

第三篇：Citizen Scientists

答案与题解：

1.C　第一段和第二段第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围观察气候对大自然中生物的生命周期的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与。所以C是正确选择。

2.B　第二段第三句中encourage ordinary people to observe · · ·的主语是The citizen scientist movement,即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以D不是正确选择。A和C不符合文章的句意，因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是：这一运动鼓励普通公民根据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察，并将观察结果送交数据库，让专门领域的科学家作进一步的观察。B正确表达了这个意思。

3.B　one在这里是一个代词，其前置词是citizen scientists,而不是citizen journalists,这里的one指的是one of citizen scientists。所以，A、C和D都不是正确选择。这个句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去，就能成为一个公民科学家。

4.A　文章最后一段说，这个计划向所有的人开放(open to everyone),所以应选择A。B、C、D所述内容都在该段中提到。

5.D　C表述的内容是Project BudBurst所要做的工作，但其最终目的不仅仅是收集数据，而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此，D才是正确选择。

特别说明：原文来自教材概括大意第四篇

第四篇：Compact Disks

1　If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers — a digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.

2　A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.

3　Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.

4　There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on(rewritten on)as you would do with a floppy disk3. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc — Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.

5　CDs were first sold to the public in 1982　These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.

6　Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.

词汇：

bump / b?mp/ n.隆块，隆起

spiral / ’spa??r?l / adj.螺旋形的

probe / pr??b/n.探测器

floppy / ’fl?p?/ adj.松软的

floppy disk软(磁)盘

format / ’f?:m?t/ n.格式

dye / da?/ n.染色

permanently / ’p?:m?n?ntl? / adv.永久地

注释：

1.... he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers – a digital code：他说的对，因为实际上声音以特殊的数字形式，即数码，刻录在CD碟片上。in that是“因为”，如：Water is essential in that without it all living things would die.水是基本要素，因为没有水，所有生物都要死亡。

2.CD player：CD播放机

3.as you would do with a floppy disk：就像你使用软磁盘一样

4.CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc – Read Only Memory：CD-ROM是Compact Disc – Read Only Memory这五个词首字母组成的缩写词。

5.It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented：过不了几年，说不定又会发明一种全新的技术。many more years是“再过许多年”。

6.“there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs”语法上可以理解为“there is no doubt(about the fact that)you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs”。

练习：

A　Digital Code Has Wide Applications

B　Floppy Disks Are Outdated

C　CDs Are Durable

D　CD's Working Principle Is Explained

E. CD-RWs Play Better Than CD-ROMs

F. CDs Are of Many Formats

1. Paragraphs l & 2 ________

2.Paragraph 3 ________

3.Paragraph 4 ________

4.Paragraph 5 ________

5.One advantage of CD-RWs is that they can ________ like floppy disks.

6.The author predicts it will not ________ before a new technology is invented for music recording.

7.The laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considered to ________ of a CD player.

8. Space probes could not ________ without using digital codes.

A　shine on bumps

B　take many more years

C　be the key parts

D　restore the original code

E　be written on and rewritten on

F　keen contact with their ground station efficiently

2014年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完成句子

第四篇：Compact Disks

答案与题解：

1.D　第一、二段介绍了CD的工作原理。声音以数码的形式刻录到CD碟片上。要想听声音,就得用CD放音机，CD机用激光照射CD，接收器接收和分析从CD反射回来的激光波，还原为原来的数码，再转换为原来的声音。所以，D是答案。

2.A　第三段第一句“Digital codes are used with many technologies.”是主题句。本段其他句子提供例证，即应用领域。作者列举了五个领域：电邮、航天通讯、条码、手机和天气预报。选项A的 “Digital code has wide applications”与主题句的意思完全吻合，所以是答案。

3.F　第四段第一句“There are many types of compact disks.”是主题句。本段其他句子列举了两种常用的CD格式(format)：—种是CD-RW，另一种是CD-ROM。选项F的“CDs are of many formats”概括了本段的大意，是答案。

4.C　第五段说的是CD碟片经久耐用，1982年上市的CD碟片至今还能使用，其音质依旧。现在上市的CD，更加耐用，如果使用得当，其寿命可达70 ~ 200年。选项C用了durable予以概括是很恰当的，所以，C是答案。

5.E　第四段中出现CD-RW这个词，介绍了They can be recorded on and re-recorded on(rewritten on)。这就是选E的依据。

6.B　第六段能找到与答案有关的句子，即It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording.

7.C　第二段说到在CD机上还原数码时依靠的是激光发射装置和接收器。由此我们可以推论出激光发射和接收器是CD机的主要部件。所以C是答案。

8.F　第三段第三句“Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes.”是选F的依据。

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