[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.

41. Petrarch

[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.

42. Niccolo Machiavellli

[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.

43. Samuel Smiles

[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.

44. Thomas Carlyle

[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.

45. Marx and Engels

[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.

[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.