高中物理知识点总结《原子核的衰变、半衰期》考点巩固（2020年最新版） - 高考物理题库

1、选择题最近几年，原子核科学家在超重元素的探测方面取得重大进展．1996年科学家在研究某两个重核结合成超重元素的反应时，发现生成的超重元素的核

高中物理知识点总结《原子核的衰变、半衰期》考点巩固（2020年最新版）

参考答案：由题意可知，设“超重”元素的原子序数为n，质量数为m，故中子数为：m-n，
设经过6次α衰变和2次β衰变后变为?253100Y，
根据质量数和电荷数守恒有：
n=100+2×6-2，m=253+4×6，
解得：m=277，n=110，故B正确；
故选B．

2、选择题铀239（style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">）经过衰变可产生钚239（style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">）．关于铀239的衰变，下列说法正确的是? （　　）
A．style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">与style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">的核内具有相同的中子数和不同的核子数
B．放射性物质style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">发生β衰变时所释放的电子来源于核外电子
C．style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">经过2次β衰变产生style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">
D．当温度变化时，style=\"shiti/data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\">的半衰期不变

3、填空题某考古队发现一古生物骸骨。考古专家根据骸骨中600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' style=\"VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle\" border=\"0\" src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/aswtzpfuizx.gif\">的含量推断出了该生物死亡的年代。已知此骸骨中600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' style=\"VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle\" border=\"0\" src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/bfbflha1n0i.gif\">的含量为活着的生物体中600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' style=\"VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle\" border=\"0\" src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/xhyyb2zy5fi.gif\">的1/4，600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' style=\"VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle\" border=\"0\" src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/kzym51qp4la.gif\">的半衰期为5730年。该生物死亡时距今约___________年。

4、选择题元素X是Y的同位素，都具有放射性，分别进行以下的衰变过程：600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' alt=\"91考试网\" src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/mvjaq3oh4y1.png\">，则下列说法正确的是（ ? ）
A．Q与S不再是同位素
B．x和R的原子序数可能相同
C．X和R的质量数可能相同
D．R的质子数大于上述所有任何元素

5、选择题下列核反应方程中的X代表中子的是（ ? ）
A．600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/a3srkouyokm.png\" alt=\"\">+600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/iubsowpklxr.png\" alt=\"\">→600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/rnxrduw1t4h.png\" alt=\"\">+X
B．600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/np2dr4h3u2k.png\" alt=\"\">→600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/ofqou3lqpx2.png\" alt=\"\">+X
C．600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/aopz5ay4bl3.png\" alt=\"\">+600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/lwxznvjqda5.png\" alt=\"\">→10n+X
D．600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/2y4kwlkpsir.png\" alt=\"\">+X→600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/5cm25wpq4nv.jpg\" alt=\"\">+600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/tya2sc2xfvd.jpg\" alt=\"\">+10600)makesmallpic(this,600,1800);\' src=\"http://www_php168_com/91files/2016060400/kc2gn1cwt5v.png\" alt=\"\">