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Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, ___1___ this is largely because, ___2___ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are ___3___ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, ___4___ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, ___5___, we are extremely sensitive to smells, ___6___ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of ___7___ human smells even when these are ___8___ to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ___9___ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate ___10___ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send ___11___ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell ___12___ can suddenly become sensitive to it when ___13___ to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it ___14___ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can ___15___ new receptors if necessary. This may ___16___ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells¡ªwe simply do not need to be. We are not ___17___ of the usual smell of our own house, but we ___18___ new smells when we visit someone else¡¯s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors ___19___ for unfamiliar and emergency signals ___20___ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although
[B] as
[C] but£¨C£©
[D] while
2. [A] above
[B] unlike
[C] excluding£¨B£©
[D] besides
3. [A] limited
[B] committed
[C] dedicated£¨A£©
[D] confined
4. [A] catching
[B] ignoring
[C] missing£¨C£©
[D] tracking
5. [A] anyway
[B] though
[C] instead£¨B£©
[D] therefore
6. [A] even if
[B] if only
[C] only if£¨A£©
[D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing
[B] discovering
[C] determining£¨D£©
[D] detecting
8. [A] diluted
[B] dissolved
[C] dispersed£¨A£©
[D] diffused
9. [A] when
[B] since
[C] for£¨D£©
[D] whereas
10. [A] unusual
[B] particular
[C] unique£¨B£©
[D] typical
11. [A] signs
[B] stimuli
[C] messages£¨C£©
[D] impulses
12. [A] at first
[B] at all
[C] at large£¨A£©
[D] at times
13. [A] subjected
[B] left
[C] drawn£¨D£©
[D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective
[B] incompetent
[C] inefficient£¨C£©
[D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce
[B] summon
[C] trigger£¨D£©
[D] create
16. [A] still
[B] also
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[D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure
[B] sick
[C] aware£¨C£©
[D] tired
18. [A] tolerate
[B] repel
[C] neglect£¨D£©
[D] notice
19. [A] available
[B] reliable
[C] identifiable£¨A£©
[D] suitable
20. [A] similar to
[B] such as
[C] along with£¨B£©
[D] aside from
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ¡°all too human,¡± with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ¡°goods and services¡± than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan¡¯s and Dr. de Waal¡¯s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independ